Northern
In case you are unfamiliar, below is a widely accepted basic model that humankind (homo sapiens) started in central Africa, and largely started migrating around 200,000 years ago. In this map, the numbers signify 'kya' how many thousand years ago people migrated to that area.
Of course, as complex as these things get (and have always been all over the world) there is constant evidence popping up of anatomically modern humans all over the place long before the dates given.
But to try and simplify an infinitely complex process, we will stick to this one general model.
Hopefully this offers a glimpse into humankind's connectedness as well as our shared pool of knowledge. But overall, we must oversimplify a lot when it comes to these initial lessons.
To show just how complex each direction really is, the above video shows that it is never so cut and dry to say that one people or culture gave rise to these beliefs and customs. Instead, it is in each branch an amalgam of ideas shared by several cultures interacting over time.
When people think of fantasy, there is much derived from pre-medieval European lore. The common visuals of wizards, druids, dragons, elves, fairies, and several other fantasy concepts are actually rooted in ancient European thought. Much of fantasy media stems back to JRR Tolkien (Lord of the Rings) and other fairy tale works which were in turn directly influenced by European folklore. This matters because it means that there is, behind these fictional works, real places, stories, beliefs, practices, objects and people that we can explore. To us, discovering and researching the real thing is infinitely more exciting than the fictional content.
In this introduction to the Northern practices, we will only be covering 4 cultures. The Roman, Greek, Celtic, and Nordic cultures of ancient Northern Europe.
Romans
It is actually because of Roman imperialism and suppression of the universally practiced spirituality that there is less to be seen in the Northern Branch of humanity. Before the establishment of the Vatican the practice and teaching of the Arcane were found in Rome. But especially as we approached the year 0, they were much more concerned with political matters and conquest, stamping out the Arcane wherever they could.
The study and practice of the Arcane was demonized and thousands of scrolls were burned. Sometime around 13 B.C. at least 2,000 scrolls pertaining to the Arcane were burned under the orders of Augustus alone.
Then of course there was the devastating burning of the Library of Alexandria.
Many scholars, academics and intellectuals have speculated that this loss of information has set humankind back centuries both technologically and culturally. This more scorched-earth approach in their conquest has left us with tattered evidence of the ancient northern peoples. Like the mystery of the Stonehenge, we are mostly left with ruins when it comes to a once thriving and powerful culture like the Celts for instance.
Again, we have to oversimplify a little bit. Many people use the word Celtic as an umbrella term for ancient European peoples. Like the term 'Native American' is used to indicate various tribes and peoples of the Americas, the comparison between the two is quite apt.
The Celtic people, like the Native Americans were consisted of various, usually nomadic, tribes. These tribes were connected by similar language, culture, customs and beliefs. Both Native Americans and Celts had a closer relationship with the animals and spirits of nature. Also like Native Americans, they were utterly overtaken by colonialism. There is very little left of their civilization and sadly, what we are left with is fragmentary. We find only ruins and scant inscriptions of their beliefs and customs.
The Celtic territory once spread through virtually all of Europe. They were in Spain, France, Germany, Poland, parts of Russia and more. They were gradually conquered and pushed back into the British Isles during the Gallic wars. The blowback of this Roman conquest would eventually lead to the toppling of Rome when the Visigoths came back with a vengeance. This would clear the way for England to take over the position of the primary power in the world. This is one place where we have a small remnant of Celtic culture.
England was a complicated mixture of Angle, Saxon, Gallic, and Roman culture to name only a few influences. The original Celts had been pushed into the islands of Ireland and Wales, so much of the information on the ancient peoples can be found in the culture of these areas. Just how much of Irish tradition is representative of Celtic practices as a whole is hard to say. How much of it was Christianized is similarly difficult to ascertain. But if we piece together the common threads between all ancient Northern beliefs that still exist, we can begin to weave something of an accurate picture.
Greeks
Greece we know much about. They are a culture that wasn't completely destroyed, consumed by another nation or lost to time. Fairly rare unfortunately. It is still a nation today. We have a great understanding and record of their language, history and civilization. It was a nucleus for sharing ideas. A key factor that made Greece so great is that they took the best ideas from many different peoples and added them to their own.
If you recall our short description of Ying and Yang, you will find that the Greek approach to other societies was Ying-like and the Romans were more Yang-like. While Romans were forceful, wanting to convert other people to their beliefs, the Greeks were much more receptive, adopting other traditions and ideas. It is an almost guarantee that Christianity would not exist today had the Jews not shared their ideas with the Greeks. Likewise, it shouldn't be underestimated the impact that Zoroastrians, Persians and other empires of the Middle East have had on the world via the Greeks. The Greeks had settlements at spots all around the Mediterranean Sea that allowed them to receive from the Middle East, Indian and Northern practices. This cultural hub that the Greeks provided amassed all of these ideas and were philosophized upon.
Modern Turkey, the northern part of what we might call the Middle East is where much of the trading of knowledge likely took place. Mathematics, astronomy, and science at large owe a massive deal of their existence due to the preservation and building upon the knowledge that was taken in by the Greeks.
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The Hittites who once lived in what is now Turkey were only known about due to the writings in the Old Testament until very recently in 1834 when the first ruins were finally discovered academically. Before this discovery, the whole society might as well have been a fairy tale. Baking and buried in the desert, the society was so developed it has been said that it may have even rivaled Egyptian society.
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In ancient times Turkey was also home to the Ionians, one of the Greek settlements residing around the Mediterranean. It was due to the Ancient Greeks' interest in the people of the Middle East such as the Hittites, Chaldeans, Zoroastrians and Persians that we still use the word magic to this day. Words like 'Magi' and 'Mageios' transformed through Greek, Roman, and eventually medieval English culture to become the word we use and know today. Although that word has lost virtually all context and original meaning.
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Philosopher means 'Lover of wisdom'. It means learned person and they were effectively the scientists of their time. Many philosophers took part in Arcane groups and certainly kept and referenced what would be considered Arcane texts. Just like in Judeo-Christian faiths, some Arcane practices were acceptable under the name of being 'divine' while others were vilified or disparaged. This is exemplified in their literature as well as how they regarded many men of note. For instance, Pythagoras and Empedocles. Both were said to have unusual powers and both contributed to the advancement of human civilization. Empedocles among other things gave us the four classical elements:
Air, Fire, Water and Earth.
The four classical elements are something most will be familiar with, and we use it as well. For instance, the Four Fundamentals are loosely based on the four elements. This is because the elements serve as a deeper compartmentalization of all things. We will cover it much more later on and how it can be used, but one example of how you can divide all things into the four elements is:
Earth- The Physical aspect of reality.
Water- The Emotional aspect of reality.
Fire- The Mental/action aspect of reality.
Air- The Spiritual aspect of reality.
Categorization absolutely has its uses and gives humankind power. The fact we categorize all things and give each thing a name is the reason we are able to communicate and develop an understanding of the reality around us. We continue to divide all things into neat compartments. Like animals that we fit into different species, different families, different phyla, etc. Or the modern elements of the periodic table. These ancient four elements are more abstract and all-encompassing even beyond physical matter which is important in understanding what lies beyond. Consider how much we know beyond our physical senses due to numbers. The language of numbers and the categorization thereof has given us Mathematics. Mathematics has given humankind profound insight and abilities, all in a simple 10-character language.
Pythagoras is credited with a great deal of contributions to science and mathematics. Because there is debate over exactly which accreditations are accurate, we can't make any claims here. But either way, what is traditionally credited to him is not only important to the history of science and mathematics, but Arcane practices as well.
The philosophers gave rise to several different schools of thought. Much of what the philosophers have hit upon has relevance for today.
Socrates had a disciple named Plato. Then Plato's disciple was Aristotle. Aristotle taught Alexander the Great. All had such impact and have profound relevance for today. One small example is Aristotle's Golden Mean. It is a great explanation of what ethical, virtuous or moral behavior truly is. The Golden Mean is striking a balance between excess and deficiency.
Courage is the balance between being a coward and being brash or foolish.
Generosity is a balance between being a people pleaser and being greedy.
Love is striking a balance between influencing another or giving of yourself and accepting and receiving from another.
On it goes, but following this thinking makes for a truly great person and interestingly it is also quite Buddhist-type of thinking.
The Greek approach of philosophy, having many break-away schools of thought and constant debate is important. It is something we could use today as we currently have such a dogmatic or cult-like system. Even in our approach to science. We tend to adopt one model of thought and adhere to it until it is explicitly proven wrong.
Our understanding of Astrology is largely due to the Greeks' gathering of information. The Zodiac was borrowed from older societies but the animals, symbols, and names are very much Greek adaptations.
If you are pragmatic or religious, Astrology is more important than you might realize. At the core of all World Religions, they once practiced Astrology and it was an important science. It was only much later after the establishment of the Roman Catholic church that it began to be looked down upon. For those doubting the scientific authenticity, we cover this at length in the next Fundamental under the lesson "Astrology and the Macrocosm".
It should be noted that modern astrology (tropical) is an absolute joke. It is no longer based upon the stars. Due to the movement of the positions of stars through something called the precession of the equinox, the date of the sign that the sun rises in is quite different than the model being used. For more on this, please press this button:
On this website, we take the precession and true interpretation of the sun and planets' position in relation to the constellations into account. We take it a little more seriously, follow the way astrology was originally intended, and explain how it impacts the person or world at hand. We will cover more about how this works in the next course, but if you would like the divination of your birth, you can get your reading now by pressing the Birthchart Button.
(It does cost some money, but you would be helping the website out a great deal)
Pantheon
The Greek Gods are the most immediately recognizable versions of the Entities by most. But if you are not already familiar, the study of comparative mythology shows that these same Gods are described in arguably every culture throughout the world.
Zeus-Greek
Thor-Norse
Indra-Hindu
This is just the tip of the iceberg, but if you would like to know how this happened, look in to the Yellow Focus later on. All Entities have correspondences in every culture. Angels also have correspondences to these Entities. The collective of all of the Entities themselves, the culmination of the presences behind the cultural context or translation, is what we call the Pantheon. The studies of Comparative Mythology and Comparative Religion have been unnecessarily complicated by many individuals and schools of thought on the matter. But with deductive reasoning we can show how these Deities are all connected.
For now, we will cover eight of them corresponding to the Solar System in ancient times. You will first see the planetary symbol and then the corresponding God. We will show the Greek God and then the Roman adaptation. This is simply a beginner's introduction to the Pantheon and Association. Like Categorization as you saw in the elements, Association is very important. Forging connections in the brain leads to higher intelligence and using Association is what gives metaphor and parables power.
You'll notice that important people throughout history, true geniuses, used such connections and powers of Association. For example, Alexander the Great emulated Hercules during his life to great effect. Learning these principles of Categorization, Association and Emulation is fundamental to the Arcane.
We definitely suggest you record these symbols and corresponding meanings in your journal under the 'Pantheon' page. As best as you can, commit these to memory as we use the symbols and the corresponding characteristics later on.
Think about how important these figures have always been to humankind. They go much farther back than the Greek and Roman counterparts.
Sun
Greek Apollo
Roman Sol
The Sun is Gold. It is the bright, life-giving, beautiful progenitor that allows us to see and gives us protection from the night. The Sun is inspiring. So too is the God Apollo. The Sun God is the God of truth and prophecy. Of Healing and curing diseases. The most beautiful God, Apollo reigns over inspiration in the form of music, poetry and dance. A God of education, surely it is pretty clear how like the Sun, he allows us to 'see'. He was instrumental in averting evil and coming to the aid of people in need. This is the power of pure charisma. A person that has a beaming presence is able to convey truth in the same way that the Sun brings warmth and light to the Earth. True social, psychological, or political clout is being loved by those around you. Of course, many today are aware of the Sun symbol being associated with many religious figures and especially martyrs. The Sun inevitably comes up to bring life and light but some creatures thrive in the darkness. In matters of speech, charisma, popularity and truth, Apollo or Sol (The actual name of our Sun) is a representative of the whole ideology behind it.
Moon
Greek Artemis
Roman Diana
If the day is a time of salvation and the Sun represents education and inspiration, what is the night and what does the Moon represent? Artemis is the Goddess of the hunt. The nocturnal animals come out to hunt during the night. So too could we hunt by the light of the moon. Our primal nature and skill come out to play. Under the cover of darkness we conquer or befriend the more subtle, darker or primordial side. What Carl Jung may have called the Shadow Self. The Goddess of the wilderness, she was associated with animals and the forest. Artemis and Apollo were twins. This is definitely another example of Ying and Yang. Artemis is a truly awesome example of the female aspect. She guarded her virginity and other virgins, tricking or killing any men or Gods who tried to taint her. Artemis was independent. Whereas Apollo was bright and popular and loved by others, he needed others for validation. Artemis could care less but is independently skilled and confident. This is the same main concept that is called into question when it comes to Ying or Yang people. Which is better? To be independent or to have the support of others? There is no right answer, but one must be able to switch modes. For matters in independence, self-assurance or self-improvement, conquering fear, skill, or instinct think on Artemis. Take note that while the Sun dispels darkness, the Moon sees you through already dark times and situations.
Mercury
Greek Hermes
Roman Mercury
The mediator between Gods and men. Between heaven, earth and the underworld. The messenger or the herald. Hermes is a guide of souls to the underworld or to the divine realms. The more astute of you may have noticed Hermes' wand or staff. Called the Caduceus, we see two serpents coiled around a scepter. The blueprint symbol strikes again. The planet Mercury was perceived to be the fastest moving planet even in ancient times as it traveled around the sky. Not only was Hermes quick physically, but swift mentally. He was witty and tricky. So much so, that he virtually tricked his way into the Pantheon in some Greek myths. But he is a very ancient God. To be 'mercurial' is to be able to change quickly or able to change modes/qualities. It is Mercury's mediator or bridge-like role across the different planes (Underworld, Earth, and Heavens) that is key here. Some symbols show winged feet representing his agility and plane traveling ability, his Caduceus representing his psychopomp nature (guide of souls to the underworld) and Apotheosis nature (elevating souls to a divine status). He also had either a cloak or a cap that could make him invisible, and an adamant sword that could cut through stone that was lent to Perseus to kill Medusa. He helped heroes and was a God for travelers, heralds, merchants and thieves alike. In times of need for mental acuity, help at a crossroads or in travel, or perhaps divine revelation and spiritual guidance, Hermes or Mercury is that guide.
Venus
Greek Aphrodite
Roman Venus
Other than the Sun and Moon, the planet Venus is the brightest natural object in the sky. Sometimes called the Morning Star, it would mark that it was nearly time for the Sun to come up. Twinkling beautifully in the sky, sometimes it was the evening star, the first sign you'd see as it approached night time. Aphrodite is the Goddess of beauty and sexuality. She is not the Goddess of love, more about the principle of attraction or seduction than true love. The feminine power of persuasion, seduction and attraction. All darker ancient history and connections aside, this is an important aspect of human nature. Besides physical beauty, attraction is an important element in the emotional, psychological and political arenas. There is found here a primary active feminine principle just as Mars the God of war is the primary active masculine principle. Whereas Apollo may have gained popularity from the beauty of truth, this is about gaining clout through persuasion, seduction, sexuality, charm or even manipulation. Attraction is about pulling others in with the gravity of the sensual presence you exude. This involves being receptive and graceful no matter what outer influences there may be. Beauty is an art. Beauty is in the things that we do not know. Seeing a sunset is only beautiful if we haven't seen it before. Being exotic, mysterious, modest, graceful and poised, or in control are all attractive. Chiefly because we look at such a person and do not know what they are really like, what they are thinking, etc. Sexuality is an art and a power as well. Cleopatra famously emulated Aphrodite.
Mars
Greek Ares
Roman Mars